Electronic Media

Effects of electronic media on the students of IIUIIn today's world of science and technology, though our lives are becoming easier but complex at the same time. Electronic media is one of the pillars of our life transformation and development which is making us more aware and updated. More, spending more time on the internet and electronic devices decreases the time for healthy activities such as physical activity, sports, community service and cultural pursuits. It is also creating a communication gap between parents and their children. Further, this has also caused youth the problem that now they are unable to differentiate between fantasy and reality. Media's exposure in the form of mystery and murder movies and stories filled with terror and torture has largely affected their behavior. As a result, they have become violent and are more prone to confrontation with their teachers, getting involved in fights with their peers and facing a drastic decline in school successes. Girls experience more fear from media as compared to boys.DepressionTeenagers who are addicted to the internet develop rapid depression and psychic problems than those who are classified under normal internet users. By using chatting apps and talking to strangers, bold screening of films and dramas, it creates a fantasy world for the girls, thus leaving them far behind from reality. Rather than spending their evenings reading a book or cooking, girls instead spend up to five hours a night on their laptop – obsessively tracking the lives of, old friends and acquaintances and work colleagues. Spending too much time online can expose a ‘dark side'. Those who didn't previously suffer from depression are made to feel ill, fed up and unsafe and those who are on continuous use often feel worse. There appears to be an undeviating interconnection between spending more time online and feeling less happier about life. People who spent excessive time online don't even realise that they are developing symptoms of depression. For people who do find themselves online more frequently, it may be useful to know these signs of depression from the National Institute of Mental Health:Concentration problem and difficulty in decisions makingDecline of energy, rise to stress and fatigueFeelings of hopelessness, worthlessnessFeelings of guilt†¢ Insomnia or excessive sleepRestlessness and irritabilityLoss of interest in physical activitiesAppetite loss or over eatingContinuous pains, headaches, cramps or digestive problemsPersistent sad, or 'empty feelings'Thoughts of suicide or suicide attemptsSleep DisturbancesImmoderate use of internet is related with sleep deprivatio n. Lack of sleep leads to negative consequences such as fatigue and problems in the immune system. Accessing the internet via a mobile when in bed makes it harder for the mind to relax, further, hindering sleep. In addition, the electromagnetic radiation emitting from the mobile, delays melatonin production. Imprudent exposure to blue light emitted from the screens of internet connected devices also disrupts the sleep wake cycle and makes sleep more difficult. When our internal body clock is disrupted, we may develop sleep disorders such as delayed sleep phase disorder which can further aggravate the health effects of sleep deprivation.Risk of Illness of Immune System and Chronic PainThe incessant touching of phone harbours germs on our handset. The greasy, oily residue we may see on our cell phones after a day's use can contain more disease prone germs than those found on a toilet seat. Further, cellphones require constant use of our hands especially when sending texts and emails. Responding to messages at rapid speeds can cause inflammation in our joints. Back pain is also common with increased cell phone use especially if you hold the phone between your neck and shoulder when you multi task. Methodology and Methods Methodology and methodsThis applied study uses qualitative method. The research population composed of 10 BS students of International Islamic University Islamabad. The students were selected through random selection.Profile of localeFor conducting this research, female students of International Islamic University Islamabad were selected to interview. Results and Conclusion ResultsAfter analyzing the answers given by the respondents, our hypothesis is proved that excessive use of electronic media leaves an negative impact on youth Thus, hindering their physical and emotional health and lack of communication.ConclusionIt can be concluded that if the use of electronic media is not controlled, it leaves many negative impact on the lives of youth and can destroy their lives. They are not able to face the real world and their s ocial personality is completely destroyed. They do not remain one personality, they differently express themselves on social media and are completely different in real lives.

Accounting Major Essay

â€Å"Why I chose to major in accounting and what career path I plan to follow. † There are two things in my life that I feel passion for, art and numbers. When I started at Miami Dade College, I always thought that I would study Architecture because even though I loved numbers, I was more inclined to the arts. I wanted to create models and design buildings because it seemed very interesting and it was a way to develop my creative side. So I began to study architecture and I must admit it is a beautiful major. However, a part of me thought that it was not really what I wanted to do. I realized that I was not creative enough and little by little, I started to feel discouraged. At that point, I was convinced that I was going to do better if I majored in anything related to numbers. Anyway, I can develop any artistic interest as a hobby. So I chose to major in Accounting because I can work with numbers which I like. See more: Recruitment and selection process essay Also, it is a practical major because it is concise, but at the same time there is some kind of art involved. The artistic part lies in selecting the information that is relevant to the user and has faithful representation. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) defines accountancy as â€Å"†¦ the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money†¦ transactions and events that are at least partly financial in character, and interpreting the results. I found my perfect combination of numbers and art, even though accounting is more than that. Accounting is the type of major that is everywhere. Every kind of business needs an accountant; a restaurant, a hospital, a retail store. In this type of economy that we live, where everything moves around business, we need someone to take care of tracking the expenses and revenues for us. Accountants give a snapshot of the financial health of a business. At this moment, I am still not sure about the path I plan to follow. I am thinking auditing or taxes. I like auditing because I have to analyze and evaluate processes, products, services, systems, organizations and employees. Also, is a way to help society because I would contribute to ensure compliance with government regulations. I would ensure ethics in every company I give my services. My other option is To master in Taxes.

Personal Code of Ethics Essay

After spending much time considering this assignment, I feel now that developing a code of ethics is an important thing to do. The basic knowledge of what is right and what is wrong make up our â€Å"internal† code of ethics and the best way to know what those internal guidelines are is to create a written code to follow. This paper will explain why I believe developing a code of ethics is important, highlight the motives behind what I base my daily decisions and ethical behavior, clarify the outcomes and consequences that will take place if the code is not followed, and outline in list form my own personal ethics. I think that ethical behavior is an important quality for people especially those who are leaders. If I plan on being a leader in my career, it is important to know when to take a stand on difficult issues. I can’t lead if I am irresolute or indecisive. I am not saying though, that I shouldn’t be open to new arguments. Many of the most significant discussions (ethical and otherwise) have strong points on both sides, and all choices should be considered carefully. Ethics inspire trust, loyalty, and effective, meaningful relationships. If I am going to make a difference, I must set high ethical examples for others to follow. My personal code of ethics includes not only how I wish to conduct myself on a daily basis, but also as a professional in the field of broadcast journalism. Much of my own code reflects on that of the Society of Professional Journalists (Andy Schotz, 2007). I hope to re-examine this during my future career and perhaps even make necessary changes that will keep it as up to date as possible and relevant to the field at that time. The times and technology are always changing, and respectfully, so should my code as to reflect these inevitable changes. The basis for my own code is somewhat conflicting. I find myself understanding and believing in many concepts and views of ethics. I will try here to explain the reasoning behind my motives and hopefully it will be made clear. First, I believe strongly in utilitarianism ethics (Neher & Sandin, 2007). I think this concept drives many of us in our big decisions, I know I consider what would affect other people when I make a decision, especially if the decision is to be made on behalf of a group. I would never  knowingly undermine, harm, or sabotage anyone in any way, even if it is to stand a great gain for myself. I try to consider what helps the greater good, partly because my background is in organizational leadership and functionality (and is therefore what I am accustomed to), what stands to benefit the group also stands to benefit me as a part of the group. I also, however, agree with the ethical egoism perspective. The ethical egoism perspective, of course, is based upon the view that behavior which advances long-term self interests is ethical (Neher & Sandin, 2007). Ethical egoism, I think, comes off harsh and selfish, but I do not mean it in a cut-throat sense. I know that this view of ethics promotes the pursuit of self interests without regard to its effect on other people, but I think that it tends to imply a negative connotation. I do not wish to take it to an extreme of cruelty or heartlessness. I only mean that my responsibilities are my responsibilities, not anyone else’s, and I need to be the one to take care of them, in order to do that I have to put my task above doing something for someone else. This includes advancing my career, this is not to say I will deliberately undermine or hurt someone, but I will work for my best interests and towards advancing my career, and caring for my (hypothetical, future) family. For example, I will do everything in my power to earn a promotion, more so that I would help a competitor for the same promotion. I think that we can apply Kant’s categorical imperative, and then this concept has the potential to become utilitarianism. If everyone strived to do what was best for them and those they loved, wouldn’t society be better off? I think it would. The application of the code requires good sense and judgment, and its use may depend on certain situations. Individual judgment calls on ethical decisions may be necessary. These decisions will probably depend on several aspects, including but not limited to, the presence or absence of shared values and opinions, political views, and the individuals involved in the situation. As inconceivable as it may seem, my ideal theme of personal ethical behavior then would be a blend of these two themes. When I am faced with a problem that requires a decision based on ethics, I hope to first ask myself a series of questions to help guide my decision. They will consist of, is this  right? Is it fair? Who gets hurt in the end? Would I be comfortable if the details of my decision were reported on the front page of your newspaper? This code of ethics cannot and does not attempt to assure constant behavior or resolve all disputes, it does, however, provide a standard to which I aim and against which my actions can be judged. Nevertheless, there is no judge to determine guilt of breaking a rule in the code, except myself. Consequences of a violation of a rule will include self inflicted punishment. The harshest punishment comes from one’s self, and in this case the penalty will be disappointment, and shame. I would find it particularly hard to live with the knowledge that I knowingly broke a rule in my own code of ethics, because I feel that these are important in my life. The internal punishment that I would put upon myself in the form of guilt heavily outweighs simply doing the right thing in the first place, no matter how tedious or daunting it may be at the time. Owning up to a mistake or intentional rule violation to the harmed individual will also be a penalty. The basic ideas of this code of ethics are personal behavior, continual education, demonstrating a professional attitude and responsibility, decency and treating others equally, respect to me and others maintain self direction and motivation, and truth. The code is not in order of importance as every guideline is equally as important and none are intended to be of better value than any other. I have arranged them into themes. Points 1-6 deal with responsibility and professionalism at work (in any setting), points 7-12 discuss the importance of journalistic ethics, and finally points 13-16 are more personal life applications of this code. Jessica Dirr’s Personal Code of Ethics:1.I will maintain the highest level of professional standards as an employee of my company and conduct myself accordingly at all times. 2.I will respect other people’s time and be punctual and prepared daily. 3.I will accept the duties that I have been assigned and collaborate with others in a spirit of teamwork to complete the tasks at hand. 4.I will always work to develop my own professional skills, continue my education, and to be aware of changes in the field, and modify my own practices accordingly. 5.I will be honest and trustworthy. I believe that honesty is an important part of trust, and trust is essential not only at work, but in personal lives as well. 6.I will display a high moral level and not take part in any behaviors or activities that might reduce my value to the company for which I am employed. 7.I will honor confidentiality whenever necessary or requested, not only in my career, but also in my personal relationships and trusted people (Radio-Television News Directors Association, 2000). 8.I will thoroughly check the facts on any story and verify all sources, and will never present questionable or false information. 9.I will promote equal access and opportunity without regard to race, gender, nationality, ability or other quality. 10.I will strive to approach all assignments with an unbiased attitude and strive to gather evidence fairly and accurately (Andy Schotz, 2007). 11.I will not let sponsorship, political efforts, or advertisers shape or change my news stories. In accordance, I will not allow the benefit of ownership or management influence the content of the news stories. (Radio-Television News Directors Association, 2000)12.I will never plagiarize or take credit for other’s ideas or work. 13.I will strive to not cause harm to anyone. 14.I will admit any and all mistakes and make every effort to correct them quickly. 15.I will make every attempt to listen to and allow people to give me information without interrupting or arguing with them. 16.I will avoid being rude, and demonstrating the appearance of bad taste. I would like to expand on these points. The first few (points 1- 6) deal with a general work ethic that could be applicable in any business or career setting. I strongly believe that my work ethic comes from my upbringing. My father, who is a business owner, instilled this strong value in me at an early age. I learned to respect others’ time and efforts. I saw how a single person could affect how the rest of the day works. I also have seen firsthand the effects that one person’s negligence can have on another’s experiences. I think that this sort of experience with the consequences on â€Å"other side† of the actions makes my work ethic portion of the code more personal. Also, I learned at a very young age how to act professionally and the â€Å"There is a time and place for certain behavior† concept. When I would accompany him on his â€Å"rounds† (by this I mean we would travel from store to store and he would do inspections, and other managerial duties, so I was not allowed to misbehave) I would have to conduct myself with a certain demeanor and respect the employees and my father. I knew that my actions were not necessarily reflective on myself, but more so reflective on him. I felt that if I misbehaved he would lose an authority or respect by his employees. The one time I deviated from this standard I wasn’t reprimanded per se, but I did realize the consequences of my actions, I felt a shift in the status quo, and disappointment in myself more than anything. At the age of seven, I knew the importance of professional conduct and hold firm to that lesson even today. Often, in my undergraduate career, I was assigned group projects, most of which one or two people (usually myself) ended up doing the bulk of the work. I suppose I brought this upon myself to ensure that the project would be completed, also I was untrusting of others to â€Å"do it right† a.k.a. my way. In hindsight this was not the best course of action, as it not only brought more workload on myself, but it hurt the spirit of teamwork in our class, and the other members suffered a loss of the knowledge to be gained  by collaborating on the project. I think that this can be applicable in workplace situations, as often tasks are assigned to teams and collaborating colleagues. This rule is in place to remind me that in order for a project or task to be the best it can be, teamwork is necessary. Also it will help me maintain control over my perfectionism and â€Å"control freak† personality. By allowing me to be open to suggestions I am letting down barriers that I have created that ultimately hinder my personal and professional development more than protect myself. The field of news and communications is constantly and rapidly changing (Bogart, 1968). I hope to never be so closed minded that I am not willing to learn more, new and different techniques and styles. Often, it appears that members in this industry that get left in the past with outdated techniques aren’t of value to the station, and eventually lose their jobs. I don’t want that to happen to me. Therefore, I will always be open minded and eager to learn new technology and techniques for which to better my career. The concept of being honest and trustworthy is relatively simple. I do believe that honesty is an important part of trust, and trust is essential not only at work, but in personal lives as well. In order to maintain that trust, I will not do anything or act in a way that will betray a trust that I have with someone. Also, the idea of displaying a high moral level is reasonably straightforward. I will not take part in any activities that might make me look bad to my company. This includes any and all illegal activities or even something that is unprofessional or not representative of my usual character. I have certain, and very specific boundaries which I will not cross, and those are clear. I do on the other hand recognize that mistakes happen, and sometimes (usually when prompted by high levels of stress or emotion) I act not in accordance with my usual demeanor. In the event that this happens, I will try to prevent this from occurring in a negative manner that may affect another person, and certainly not at work. The following (points 7-12) are related specifically to my career in journalism and news reporting. First, I stated that â€Å"I will honor confidentiality whenever necessary or requested, not only in my career, but also in my personal relationships and trusted people†. Confidentiality is a  sticky topic. Some would argue that it isn’t necessary in the news, especially if an irresponsible reporter fabricates their facts. I have learned that for better, or for worse, confidentiality is an important aspect in news (Radio-Television News Directors Association, 2000). Some interviewers and some sources require it, it allows for an anonymity that might afford them the freedom to say what they intend to or want to without fearing the repercussions of identifying one’s self. However most important to the news field, it is also useful in personal life. Often, people express something to another â€Å"in confidence† which means they trust you to not relay the information to anyone else. This goes back to trust and honesty, and I believe that it is an integral part of ethics. Leading from the confidentiality theme, I will thoroughly check the facts on any story and verify all sources, and will never present questionable or false information. Studies have shown the effects of confidentiality and falsifying sources in the news (Wulfemeyer, 1982), and I find it appalling that a professional journalist would make up a story and claim that she had gave her sources confidentiality. I will never under any circumstances act in that manner. The next three are again pretty clear-cut. I will support equal access and opportunity (without regard to race, gender, nationality, ability or other quality). I do not believe in (or very much understand) the concept of discrimination based on differences. I think to do so is demonstrating of one’s own ignorance and closed mindedness. I then go onto say that I will strive to approach all assignments with an unbiased attitude and attempt to gather evidence fairly and accurately (Andy Schotz, 2007). I understand that a bias comes built into all of us, but in the effort to produce completely factual news stories, I will try to put any natural bias aside. Also, I will never allow any alteration or censorship of material produced for any reason other than common decency or personal judgment. Corporate sponsorship and political motivations and do not drive the news, and should not be a foundation upon which our stories are based (Radio-Television News Directors Association, 2000). Also, I will never plagiarize or take credit for other’s ideas or work. The final section of my personal code of ethics (points 13-16) highlights personal guidelines and standards. First of all, I will strive to not cause harm to anyone. Of course I know that some actions (even if they are done with good intent, which may include any actions that complete assigned tasks or stories) could potentially cause harm accidentally. If this happens, I will try to remedy or relieve the effects as much as I can. In an effort to avoid unintended harm I will be sure to consider any and all potential outcomes my decisions might have an effect on. I will give credit where credit is due when I am assisted with projects. Also, following this, I will admit any and all mistakes and make every effort to correct them quickly. I hope to never be so proud that I am unwilling to admit that I have made a mistake, we are all only human and it is bound to happen from time to time. And finally, I will make every attempt to listen to and allow people to give me information without interrupting or arguing with them, and I will avoid being rude, and demonstrating the appearance of bad taste. This is for my own sake, as I am known sometimes to be stubborn and set in my ways. I need to practice the art of patience and listening without interrupting someone. This one might be hard to do. However, in accordance with being open to other’s opinions I must first be willing to let go of total control and allow others to give their input. I always strive to be polite and courteous in every situation, and in doing so showing respect for the people and situation with which I am involved. I feel this is a great tool in personal life as well as professional. In conclusion, I hope that by setting this code in place, I will better myself and my career. I also hope that it allows me the opportunity to lead by example, and that others will feel so motivated to practice good ethical decisions and practices. I also hope that by outlining these ethics I can be better aware of my own actions and whether or not what I ultimately decide to do is the right decision ethically and personally. I tried to clarify why developing a code of ethics is important, I emphasized the foundation to what I base my daily decisions and behavior, I stated the outcomes and consequences that will take place if the code is not followed, and I explained in detail my own personal ethics. Bibliography: Andy Schotz. (2007). Society of Professional Journalists Code of Ethics. Retrieved September 22, 2007, from Society of Professional Journalists: http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.aspBogart, L. (1968, December). Changing News Interests and the News Media. The Public Opinion Quarterly , pp. 560-574. Fackler, M., Christians, C. G., & Ferrà ©, J. P. (1993). Good News: Social Ethics and the Press. New York: Oxford University Press. Neher, W. W., & Sandin, P. J. (2007). Communicating Ethically: character, duties, consequences, and relationships. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Radio-Television News Directors Association. (2000, September 14). Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. Retrieved September 23, 2007, from Radio-Television News Directors Association: http://www.rtnda.org/pages/media_items/code-of-ethics-and-professional-conduct48.phpWulfemeyer, T. K. (1982). The Use of Anonymous Sources and Related Ethical Concerns in Journalism: A Comparison of the Effects of the Janet Cooke/†Washington Post† Incident on the Policies and Practices of Large Newspapers and Television Stations. Athens: The Association for Education in Journalism.

If we were asked what if the greatest and most distinctive achievement Essay

If we were asked what if the greatest and most distinctive achievement performed by Englishmen in the field of jurisprudence I cannot think that we should have - Essay Example The essence f a trust is that it is an obligation concerning property which is enforceable in the courts which will control the trustees and, in rare cases, even carry out the trust. There must thus be beneficiaries who can apply to the court to enforce their rights. It follows that a trust must be created for the benefit f persons but not for a purpose unless that purpose is charitable, for a purpose can not sue, but if it be charitable the Attorney General may sue to enforce it. It is therefore the beneficiary principle which will often be the deciding factor in whether a case is successful as a purpose trust or not. The leading case for the theory is that f Morice v. Bishop f Durham . The testatrix in this case had bequeathed all her property to the Bishop f Durham upon trust for 'such objects f benevolence and liberality as the Bishop f Durham in his own discretion shall most approve of.' It was held that the trust was not charitable and could not stand as a private trust either because it had no specific beneficiaries and had been made purely for a purpose. 'Every other trust must have a definite object. There must be somebody in whose favour the Court can decree performance.' Sir William Grant MR. Administrative workability is also essential in that there is a certainty f who the trust is to benefit. Lord Eldon said this in Morice v Bishop f Durham: "As it is a maxim that the execution f a trust shall be under the control f the court it must be f such a nature that it can be under that control; so that the administration f it can be reviewed by the court, or the court itself can execute the trust: a trust, therefore, which in case f maladministration could be reformed and a due administration directed." It then follows that the trust must not be impossible to perform. A time limit as to the life span f the trust is also often necessary so as not to have it go on forever because it may not be in the public interest. Finally, if the purpose f the trust is capricious, useless, wasteful, harmful, illegal or otherwise contrary to public policy, it will obviously fail. There are a number f exceptions to the invalidity f purpose trusts, however it is the general dislike f these trusts that have lead to them being recognised as 'troublesome, anomalous and aberrant' .: Re Endacott [1960] presented a gift to the parish council for "the purpose f providing some useful memorial to myself". Harman LJ at first instance refused to uphold such a trust and said 'these cases stand by themselves and ought not to be increased in number, nor indeed followed, except where one is exactly like another'. However, it was eventually held to be valid on the reasoning that it asses to and improved the fabric f the church. A further exceptional case was that f Re Hooper [1932] in which it was held to be a valid purpose trust because it had been limited in perpetuity. Most instances f cases, known as the 'monument' cases, are found to be subject to rules f perpetuity and will therefore be valid. Trusts for the saying f masses are often also valid because there is a close religious link; Re Hetherington [1990] . Trusts for the maintenance f particular animals (such as in the case f Re Dean (1889)) may also be held valid because there is the ability to establish certainty f object, being the animals. It is a general rule that the law does not recognise non-charitable purpose trusts and they are

Theme and Narrative Elements in the Short Story Essay - 6

Theme and Narrative Elements in the Short Story - Essay Example of Phoenix illustrated her determination to attain her goals of medicine and paper windmill, which symbolized the frailty of the white mans gift of freedom. The plot and setting of A Worn Path depict the arduous journey of black slaves toward redemption from slavery. The exposition focuses on the character of Phoenix Jackson, who represents black slaves. The complication of the plot is the struggle of Phoenix against herself and her environment. First, she is already old, even too old for her journey, which she admits: â€Å"I the oldest people I ever know† (Welty, 1941, par. 25). She cannot even properly see where she is heading, yet she relies on her poor eyesight and memory to arrive at her destination. Her age stands for the length of time of the slaves struggle for freedom; she can no longer tell how long anymore. Her physical degradation, furthermore, represents the physical consequences of slavery. Second, Phoenix also struggles with her surroundings or society. The setting presents diverse obstacles to freedom. The â€Å"foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons and wild animals† in her way represent all the kinds of people, whites and blacks alike, who oppose the slaves pursuit of freedom. The thorny bush is also an example of what the black race needed to endure in their â€Å"endless struggle† (Sykes, 1998, p.151). The climax occurs when it seems that Phoenix has forgotten her journeys purpose. This â€Å"forgetting† is a form of situational irony, where it would have been a great waste of time and effort, if Phoenix could not achieve her mission. This â€Å"forgetting† can also be paralleled to the passivity in the blacks â€Å"waiting† for their freedom. In a way, waiting patiently for their freedom also evokes a lackadaisical response from the whites. Situational irony takes place once more; the more patient the blacks were, the more the whites exploited them. The resolution of the plot takes place when Phoenix remembers her gift to her grandson, the

Learning Biometry and Statistics Personal Statement

Learning Biometry and Statistics - Personal Statement Example Over the years, I have been inspired to do an excellent job in my academic achievements and leadership. As a result, I received a 2210 on my SAT, and I received an 800 in Math II, 760 in Chemistry, and 750 in Biology on my SAT II. I have taken 5 AP exams include AP Calculus, AP statistics with 3 others this school year. Also, my GPA was 4.0, with a top 10% ranking in the most competitive school in New York City. Moreover, my interest in statistics has always been strong. In addition, I have had various experiences to help prepare me for a career in biometry and statistics including, but not limited to, helping people establish healthy lifestyles to obtaining social and scientific achievements. I love to study and perform research with statistical analysis. As a result, I completed a research project along with several of my friends using probabilistic modeling aimed at diminishing or removing atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries with robotic nanotechnology to improve heart function. During my past three summer vacations, I performed scientific research in Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York. This summer, I worked at Weill Cornell Medical College at Cornell University. During that time, I grew passionate about data analysis using statistics.

Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Resource Management - Essay Example In the article "Motivational Management. Developing Leadership Skills" written by D. M. Eade, the author gives some recommendations as for employees motivation and change strategies, which can be successfully in health care practice. The purpose of the article is to single out the most important characteristics of effective leaders and evaluate the importance of leadership in health care. The author examines employees perception and understanding of the notion of a leader and the role of a leader in the process of management. Summarizing the main features of an ideal leader it is possible to say that being a leader is not a position, but a function. It requires getting the job done. In terms of leadership, the aim is to recruit and develop motivated managers who lead proactively. They are expected to be clear, to delegate and to get others to participate. A key aspect of leadership is that of aligning people with the goals and values of the company. In resource management effective leaders identify productive areas of confusion and uncertainty that exist in society, demonstrate that they do not have all the answers but are willing to learn, and is able to act differently, think differently, and seek inspiration from different sources, than leaders of the past. The obligations of leadership include effective training, deep insight into new tools and advancements and their impact on the future, strong corporate nurturing, and repeated practice could yield the best result, a well-rounded, skilled, and insti nctive leader. On the other hand, the author of the article does not include in her discussion such important features of good leaders as the ability to cope with complex technological change in their organizations. The author: "noted that solid strategies are necessary, but not sufficient in and of themselves, for good planning. Detailed action plans based on those strategies are critically important" (Eade , 1996). General leadership skills are not sufficient in enriched environments. It must directly relate to the tools, medium, strategies, and competencies found within this culture. Leader should possess the competencies to use and evaluate new tools, but he/she must also have the insight into the impact these tools will have on the future of organizations. The ability to develop a shared vision for new resources within an organization is an essential part of management, especially in health care. Employees prefer to have a leader who is a self-achiever and motivated to become a role model. Changes in resources often produce a "chaos situation" where change management in the use of instructional technology in teaching and learning becomes increasingly important. The leader must be ready to cope with difficult situations. Effective leaders recognize that what they know is very little in comparison to what they still need to learn. Leading others is not simply a matter of style, or following some how-to guides or recipes. Ineffectiveness of leaders seldom results from a lack of know-how or how-to, nor it is typically due to inadequate managerial skills. Leadership is even not about creating a great vision. It is about creating conditions under which all followers can perform

Western civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Western civilization - Essay Example al sources such as Exodus, Homer’s Odyssey and Herodotus represent a distinctively â€Å"western† perspective not just by having elements which resemble western total way of life, but by actually having generated and shaped western political, social and economic way of life. According to Fanfan (2007), one of the indicators of Homer’s Odyssey being a reflection of western perspective is seen in Agamemnon’s act of assembling his Greek army to invade other kingdoms such as Thessaly, the Messenians, the Arcadians, the Opeians and the Greeks. To Agamemnon the king of Mycenae, his kingdom was to spread through military conquests and treaties. This is in line with the western perspective of international politics and seeking state interests which is deeply hegemonic in nature. The hegemonic nature of the western world is exemplified by the occupation of America by the settlers, once Christopher Columbus discovered it in 1492, the Scramble and Partition for Africa, colonialism, World War I and II. All these were attempts to perpetuate the strength and interests of a state or a nation-state. The same has not changed even presently, since western countries still use neocolonialism to economically and socio-politically subjugate developing

Business Systems Analysis and Design Coursework - 5

Business Systems Analysis and Design - Coursework Example will happen when the new system is working, taking into account any issue based problems not immediately apparent, but which could impact on the final implementation if it happens.(Patching, 1995). The analysis started with interviews and a study of existing systems and processes and the number of people working for the society, nothing like the appraisal system exists at present. The latest implementation was that of the staff absence-monitoring system, which created some hostility from the staff, who felt it was an unjustified attack on them. The society has a large customer base many being in the co-operative society themselves, so fulfilling two roles both of which are important. To ask them whether they feel staff should be appraised gave a problem, many felt that staff should be appraised regularly to help with efficiency, others that there was an infringement on peoples working lives. The Personnel Manager has felt for some time that changes were necessary; he was not popular last year when he insisted on bringing in an employee absence monitoring system. Staff were hostile to the system as they felt it attacked them unnecessarily. Since then the system has been reluctantly accepted, but it has created a them and us attitude between managers and staff which is not good for the co-operatives’ work. After the initial work was completed the analysis; (using the soft system methodology) was begun, the first step was to build a graphic representation called a rich picture first, and then building Human Activity Systems (HAS) using the CATWOE methodology to capture information on the involvement and actors in the society, giving root definitions for each of the HAS, this then leads into conceptual modelling and then comparing against the real world. Checkland states: SSM has been described as an organised learning system that deals with complex and messy problematical situations (Checkland 1999). The idea is to gain deeper understanding of the problem by

Analyze the Japanese-American Internment (War Relocation Camps, 1942) Research Paper

Analyze the Japanese-American Internment (War Relocation Camps, 1942) In the Years of WWII - Research Paper Example Prior to identifying the reasons based on which, the Japanese-American Internment was created during the years of WWII, it will be vital to mention that the decision for creating as well as executing such a power was made by the 32nd US President, Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt. It is strongly believed that power of the Japanese-American Internment was mainly created to address the issue of anti-Japanese sentiment with instant and severe action. The belief of the Americans regarding the Japanese people towards supporting in making effective planning with the motive of attacking Pearl Harbor eventually fuelled the issue, and urged the need for creating Japanese-American Internment. Besides, the Japanese-American Internment was also created for preventing further surveillance conducted by Japanese Americans living in the US. After the assault on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese American based community leaders and the people alleged to have collaboration with Japan were arrested. Acquiring a brief idea about the Japanese-American Internment, it becomes apparent that the said approach was mainly utilized for declaring that the individuals belonging to Japanese lineage were barred from the entire Pacific Coast, encompassing California and most of the regions of Washington as well as Oregon. The Japanese-American Internment approach was utilized for putting an end to the rising tensions prevailing between the then international relations of the US and Japan following the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Ethnographic Report Essay Example for Free

Ethnographic Report Essay In order to make an ethnographic report, I visited a shop of Toys â€Å"R† Us in my native city in California. It was located in a big new shopping center in the main street of the city. It was not a very big toy shop, but there was quite a good variety of different toys, and also there was a small section of the goods for babies Kids â€Å"R† Us. That day it was really very crowded there, because it was Saturday afternoon and many parents could take their children out for shopping. Besides, as this mall was a brand new one in the city, there were dozens and dozens of new interested customers, arriving all the time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     First of all, I paid attention on numerous young couples and teenagers, who came there definitely without intentions to buy something, but rather to do window shopping. This could happen because the shop was, again, a brand-new place. Of course, there were many children there, who came mostly with their mothers or elder siblings. There were a lot of young women in the section of Kids â€Å"R† Us, who were interested in clothes, footwear or toys for little babies. Therefore, I could notice almost total absence of mid-aged men in the shop.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was not easy to estimate correctly, whether those children were mostly boys or girls. Probably, the amount of male and female children in the shop was approximately equal. Boys were very energetic. They enjoyed mostly action toys, plastic guns, remote controlled cars and basketball sets. Some of them insisted on buying different toys from Spiderman and Hulk series, some chose Spiderman comics, and two of little boys became happy owners of Lego sets. Also, miraculous but rather expensive multifunctional Robosapien Robot was an extreme attraction for all the male part of the visitors. Certainly, little girls were very greatly interested in Barbie-dolls and their all possible accessories. Many girls were asking their mums to buy special sets of toy cosmetics and little dresses for their Barbie dolls. Some girls decided to buy new back-bags, stationary or other accessories for school, and one girl asked her mother to buy a big set for arts and crafts. Some little girls preferred to buy little plastic toys, like My Little Pony with a long tail and mane to be brushed by a little brush, included to the set. Extreme crowd of children of both genders could be observed in the section of stuffed animals, where lots of beautiful dogs, cats, horses, tigers or teddy bears, small and big in size, were waiting for their owners. There were many adults in this section also. Three-four of young men bought some cute teddy bears for their girl-friends, and one couple bought a huge stuffed dog. Teenagers and young people were more concentrated on electronic games, PC games, table games, and especially puzzles: I guess, more than a dozen of different puzzles was bought that day. Also, any little child could receive a huge colored balloon from the consultants of the shop in the exit: that used to make many little customers of Toys â€Å"R† US go almost ecstatic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During my visit I could observe overwhelming majority of White Americans among the customers of the shop, but there was a family of Blacks: parents and their two little daughters, who were not in hurry and slowly walked, watching around with great interest. Black girls were very silent; they enjoyed plastic sets for playing on the sand, and then they chose a little doll of black color, which late on was bought by their parents for their pleasure. Besides, there were some children of Latin origin, who seemed to be there without parents, so they were extremely noisy and active. They were running around and trying many different toys without special preferences: balls, guns, cars, etc. But in the end they did not buy anything proper, but some sets of plastic water guns and a cheap rubber ball. Generally, I would classify social status of all the visitors like low and mid class. I think, about 70% of all the buys were made by adults, mostly mothers or elder brothers, but there were children, who had some own money and could get something they want for themselves. But, certainly, serious expensive toys could be bought only by adults. To my mind, the most popular toys are action figures and accessories for Barbie. Visiting a toy shop is always pleasure for anybody. Shops of Toys â€Å"R† Us are really very beautiful, very optimistic places, where everybody seems to become very happy and joyful. It is so great to have such wonderful places all around the country, where every day thousands of smiles and good emotions are brought to so many people! Bibliography:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Toys â€Å"R† Us. Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia Online. 4 Oct. 2005. 6 Oct. 2005 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_R_Us.

Managing Cultural Diversity Essay Example for Free

Managing Cultural Diversity Essay The following paper brie y debates the rhetoric of managing diversity and considers whether managing diversity is a distinct approach to managing people or a means of diluting equal opportunities in UK organizations. With respect to the realities of the concepts in UK organizations, empirical data from a survey of sixty UK human resource professionals and general line managers is presented. We pose a number of cautionary questions, including what does it matter and to whom? By doing so we intend to encourage further critique and challenges in respect to the concept of managing diversity in organizations. Keywords: Managing diversity, equal opportunities, HRM/D, rhetoric, reality Introduction Today the workforce does not look, think, or act like any workforce of the past, nor does it hold the same values, have the same experiences, or pursue the same needs and desires (Jamieson and O’ Mara 1991). The composition of today’ s workforce has changed signi cantly in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, culture, education, disabilities, and values. Running parallel to these changes is the shift in thinking by human resource theorists and practitioners with regard to addressing equality in the workplace (Cooper and White 1995; Liff and Wacjman 1996). This shift is underpinned by the emergence of the business case argument for equal opportunities, as opposed to the persuasive debate for social justice or equal opportunities as ‘ correcting an imbalance, an injustice or a mistake’ (Thomas 1990). There is now a view that, after twenty years of the ‘ stick’ of legal compliance (which has achieved little), the ‘ carrot’ of underpinning the business case for equal opportunities will perhaps achieve more (Dickens 1994). The business case argument for equal opportunities in organizations is often termed ‘ managing or valuing diversity’ , but, as with most contemporary Human Resource Development International ISSN 1367-8868 print/ISSN 1469–8374 online  © 2000 Taylor Francis Ltd http://www. tandf. co. uk/journals 420 Peer-Reviewed Articles anagement issues, the underlying principles and interpretation of this concept are open to mass interpretation, criticism, and indeed misunderstanding. D. Miller (1996) argues that the significant widening of the meaning of equal opportunities has brought with it more complex and confusing messages for employers and practitioners. By drawing on literature and empirical data, we consider whether mana ging diversity is a distinct approach to managing people or a means of diluting equal opportunities in UK organizations and pose a number of cautionary questions, including: what does it matter and to whom? By doing so, we intend to encourage further critique and challenges in respect to the concept of managing diversity in organizations. What is managing diversity? Thomas (2000) argues that, with the growing number of mergers and acquisitions, workforce diversity will become more of a priority for organizations and, therefore, in the future, people will become clearer on what diversity is and how to manage it. As with the debates surrounding de nitions of human resource management and development (HRM/D), managing diversity as a concept means different things to different people. It can relate to the issue of national cultures inside a multinational organization (Hofstede 1984); it can relate to the further development of equal opportunities or to a distinct method of integrating different parts of an organization and/or managing people strategically. Much of the literature regarding managing diversity relates to the US experience, where the concept is particularly popular; a re ection perhaps of the more pronounced diversity of workforce composition (Cassell 1996). In a recent report 1999), a Department of Education in America described managing and valuing diversity as a key component of effective people management, arguing that it focuses on improving the performance of the organization and promotes practices that enhance the productivity of all staff. Their dimensions of diversity include gender, race, culture, age, family/carer status, religion, and disability. The de nition provided also embraces a range of individual skills, educational quali cations, work experience and background, languages, and other relevant attributes and experiences which differentiate individuals.

History Of Yasser Arafat History Essay

History Of Yasser Arafat History Essay Yasser Arafat has been at the forefront of the Palestinian struggle for decades. Born on 24th August 1929 in Cairo, Egypt, Arafat reached adolescence at a time of great turmoil in Palestine with its partition in 1948. He lived most of his life as a revolutionary, striving to achieve the dream of Palestinian sovereignty through armed struggle and diplomacy. This study looks to explore, what was the role of Yasser Arafat in trying to bring a resolution to the Palestinian problem. After looking at an overview of the Palestinian problem and Arafats life, this essay looks to analyse Arafat role in: taking control of Palestinian destiny, the armed struggle and diplomacy. With Arafats death, the revolution he set up, though not dead, has evidently faded. This is substantiated with the weakening of the Palestinian National Authority and the devastation of the recent Gaza War.  [1]  This topic is important as it will help to understand the role of Arafat who united, organised and set up the Palestinians to take control of their destiny, and subsequently resolve their 62 year-old struggle. Body: Overview The Palestinian Problem On November 29th 1947, the UN announced that the British Mandate of Palestine would be partitioned into separate Arab and Jewish states. Palestine then was inhabited by 1,308,000 people (McCarthy, 2001), of which, 66% were Arab and 33% were Jewish (MidEastWeb and Ami Isseroff, 2007). On May 14th 1948, as a result of the UN announcement, the Israeli Declaration of Independence was announced, creating the State of Israel. The creation of Israel angered Arabs throughout Arab world. A day after the withdrawal of British troops from Palestine, Israel faced an Arab coalition,  [2]  led by Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Deemed from the onset as a quick Arab victory, the war eventuated in a humiliating Arab defeat resulting in the Nakbah, The Catastrophe. 750 000 Palestinians fled or were evicted by the Israeli army out of their homes. The Palestinians became a stateless people. Consequently, 1948 marked the beginning of the Palestinian problem. It is the issue of Palestinian sovereignty and self-determination; a struggle for Palestinian homeland, a resolution for Palestinian refugees and a vision of Palestinian statehood. This task of resolving the issue was undertaken by the Palestinian revolutionary, Yasser Arafat. The Rise of Arafat Born on 24th August 1929, in Cairo, Egypt, Arafat was the son of Palestinian merchants.  [3]  During the Arab-Israeli War of 1948, he went to Palestine to join the fighting against Israel. He later left the conflict due to the lack of co-ordination and support. In 1954, Yasser Arafat with a number of Palestinian colleagues formed the militant group Fatah in Kuwait. The group was dedicated to liberate Palestine by Palestinians, and if necessary, through force. Arafat and Fatah went to Jordan to initiate raids into Israel. Arafats first challenge was to take control of the Palestinians destiny from the Arab regimes. In the 1950s, responsibility for the Palestinians lay on the surrounding Arab countries, specifically, Jordan and Egypt. Palestinians expressed their growing discontent in relying on these Arab states that were seen to be negligent of their cause. Consequently, in 1964, the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) was formed as an umbrella organisation for the different Palestinian factions. According to Abu Dawoud, a Senior Fatah Leader, the PLO was set up as a means of releasing the frustration felt by the Palestinians (al-Issawi, 2009). However, its initial years were regarded as weak. In 1967, The Six Day War took place, in which Israel fought Egypt, Jordan and Syria. The war was another humiliating Arab defeat. It broke Arab morale, and Palestinians lost trust in an Arab resolution. Though Fatah played a small role in the fighting, it gradually gained support throughout the Arab world. Fatahs growing popularity led to their induction into the PLO in 1967. Fatah had its first main military encounter with Israel in the Battle of Karameh in 1968. In retaliation to the raids by Fatah into Israel, the Israeli army raided the Jordanian city of Karameh, a stronghold of Fatah. Though the battle was militarily won by Israel, the great resistance put up by Fatah boosted the morale of its troops. The popular response of Karameh brought well needed fund for the organisation, and thousands of Palestinian volunteers, known as the fedayeen joined Arafat. The growing popularity of Arafat and his Fatah resulted with him becoming chairman of the PLO in 1969. Based in Jordan and under Arafat, the organisation became strong and independent, making Palestinian appeals projected to the world. Arafat and the Fedayeen Arafat was the ideal man to lead the Palestinian resurgence. He was charismatic and popular among Arabs and Palestinians, and most importantly, he was a Palestinian leading the Palestinian struggle. After the Six Day War, the then Egyptian president, Gamal Abdul-Nasser, in attempts to revive Arab moral, openly supported, trained, and funded PLO fedayeen. The PLO, based in Jordan, now became a well backed organisation, conducting raids into Israel. The PLO grew powerful in Jordan, creating a state-within-a-state. Hostilities between the Jordanian government and the PLO militia subsequently emerged as leftist fanaticism appeared in PLO ranks, which Arafat was unable to control. This led to fighting between the PLO guerrilla forces and the Jordanian army. The PLO, later backed by the Syrian army, was able to put up a stiff resistance. However, in 1970, an Arab delegation came to Jordan and took the besieged Arafat to Cairo where in September that year, under the custody of Gamal Abdul-Nasser, peace was signed between Arafat and King Hussein of Jordan. The following day however, Gamal Abdul-Nasser died, and by the next year, the peace agreement was annulled by the Jordanians. The Palestinians lost their patron, and the Jordanian troops on July 1971 attacked the PLO. Eventually, Arafat and the fedayeen were defeated and expelled from Jordan in September. This was to be known as Black September. Arafat and many of his senior members went to Lebanon and set up a base in Beirut. Nevertheless, the anger of this expulsion led to the creation of the extremist Fatah subgroup, Black September Organisation. Black September engaged in a series of terror attacks from 1971 to 1973, the most famous of which being the assassination of 11 Israeli athletes in the 1972 Munich Olympic Games. The works of Black September grabbed world headlines, and were successful in globalising the Palestinian issue. In 1973, Black September had outlived its usefulness (al-Issawi, 2009) and was disbanded. The Olive Branch and the Freedom Fighters Gun Arafats first diplomatic initiative was in 1972. The DFLP  [4]  , a subgroup of the PLO, proposed the idea of a two-state solution. By 1974, the PLO executive committee drew up what was to be called The Ten Point Program calling for Israel to return back liberated  [5]  Palestinian lands (American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise). On 13th November 1974, Arafat addressed the UN general assembly. In a successful address, Arafat conveyed to the world the aspirations of Palestinians: national independent sovereignty over its own land (MidEastWeb and Ami Isseroff). He ended the speech by saying, Today I have come bearing an olive branch and a freedom fighters gun. Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand. (MidEastWeb and Ami Isseroff). Subsequently in the Arab Summit that followed in Rabat, Arafat was formally granted full control of the Palestinian issue. In Lebanon, the PLO grew very strong, and once again created a state-within-a-state. In 1975, civil war broke out in Lebanon between the Muslim left and the Christian right. Arafat initially didnt want to be involved, but later realized that it was impossible for the PLO to remain neutral and sided with the Muslims. The PLO suffered many casualties in the War, and wasnt able to sustain its control over Palestinian refugee camps in the South. In 1982, the Civil War entered a new phase, with Israel invading Lebanon. Arafat ordered the PLO to fight back the Israelis from the south, but the sheer might of the Israeli army swept the PLO fighters. Beirut was then besieged, and the PLO was trapped. Inner city Beirut was destroyed, and thousands of people died. After two months of bombardment, a deal was made for the PLO to move out of Lebanon safely. The PLO quickly found a new base in Tunis in 1982. Though Tunis geographical distance from Palestine initially seemed to weaken the PLOs authority, the years that followed marked the birth of a new Palestinian resurgence. Throughout the late 1970s, various Palestinian factions were embroiled with infighting and killing. However in April 1987, a summit in Algiers led by Arafat united Palestinian factions. Arafat was now backed by a united PLO. In December 1987, an Israeli driver killed 4 Palestinians in Gaza. Israeli authorities deemed it an accident; however, murder was the outcry by the Palestinians. The incident resulted in rioting throughout the occupied lands. Spreading like wild fire (al-Issawi, 2009), this marked the beginning of the First Intifada (Uprising). The Intifada was symbolic; it was the first time, since 1948, where Palestinians resisted in their occupied homeland. Arafat organised cells within the occupied territories, thus exerting his dominance over Palestine. The Intifada attracted global headlines, once again projecting onto the world screen the Palestinian struggle. The Creation of the State of Palestine and Peace talks In 1988, Jordan broke of all ties with the West Bank, and in November that year, Yasser Arafat proclaimed the establishment of the State of Palestine. Problem facing Arafat was that the PLO had no control over any land in Palestine, nor was it based in Palestine to run the state. The US indicated that Arafat must first renounce terrorism if ever he wanted to receive their support. Hence, on the 13th and 14th of December 1988, Arafat addressed the UN general assembly at Switzerland. He formally renounced terrorism in all its forms, accepted the State of Israel and revealed his intentions of seeking peaceful negotiations them. The US was satisfied and talks began with the US ambassador to Tunisia Robert Pelletreau and PLO officials. However, the talks were futile and consequently ended when Arafat didnt condemn attacks against Israeli settlements by PLO subgroups. In 1993, the first direct talks between Israeli and Palestinian leaders took place in Oslo, Norway. The talks were very secretive, with Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin and their top ministers negotiating the terms of peaceful co-existing. Issues such as the withdrawal of Israeli troops from Palestinian territories, Palestinian elections, economic cooperation and regional development were all discussed. With the supervision of the Clinton government, on 13th of September 1993, the Oslo Accords were signed. However, many of the terms of the Oslo Accords to which Arafat agreed to were vague. The boundaries of both states werent clearly defined, specifically that of Jerusalem. Further peace talks took place in the following years to clarify some of the these vague points; and in the year 2000, at Camp David, the final arrangements of the peace agreements were to be made with the then Prime Minister of Israel, Ehud Barack. The talks were unsuccessful and Arafat was blamed as being the obstacle to peace. Analysis Yasser Arafat played three roles in trying to bring a resolution to the Palestinian problem. He first took control of the Palestinians destiny from the negligent Arab regimes, then undertook the armed struggle, and then sought peaceful initiatives to resolve the Palestinian problem. Taking Control of the Palestinian Issue Arafats role in making the Palestinians masters of their destiny may perhaps be his greatest accomplishment in trying to resolve the Palestinian problem. How this task was undertaken may well find its roots in his involvement in the 1948 war. The lack of coordination between the parties of the Arab coalition fuelled resentment in Arafat, as that consequently cost them the war. Barry and Judith Rubin explain that, The only thing Arafat seems to have learned from the debacle was to blame it on the Arab states rather than on the Palestinians themselves (Barry Rubin, 2003 p. 16). Perhaps this might be correct; however, the Rubins remark is quite crude as the 1948 War was in fact led by the Arab nations. As the Palestinian issue was then an Arab issue, responsibility for the 1948 loss may well be put on those leading Arab countries, rather than the Palestinians. Nevertheless, the Arab defeat in the 1948 War may well have led Arafat to make the Palestinians masters of their own destiny. Subsequently, the creation of Fatah marked the beginning of Arafat taking the lead in dealing with the Palestinian problem. The basic creed of Fatah, written in Fatahs constitution, The Palestinian Revolution plays a leading role in liberating Palestine (Fateh) projects the idea of Arafats goal of Palestinians being masters of their destiny. Arafats role in the creation of Fatah and its quick rise projected his great potential in leading a Palestinian resistance. Arafat was able to auspiciously lead a Palestinian resistance, and make the Palestinian problem a Palestinian issue. However, growing dissatisfaction towards the Arab regimes in the 1950s may well have helped Arafat in his rise. At the time, as Edward Said states, Most Palestinians fear large-scale sellouts by the Arab states, themselves tired out by the uneven struggle (Said, 1995 p. 10). With this fear of betrayal lingering, Arafats was able to garner support among the Palestinians. However, the idea of a Palestinian resolution became a reality with the Arab defeat in the Six Day War. Palestinians lost confidence in an Arab resolution and a Palestinian resolution now seemed the only option. Though the circumstance of the time helped Arafat, his guerrilla activities in the 1960s made him a rally point for many fervent Palestinians, eager to give rise to a new Palestinian resistance. As T.G. Fraser puts it, it was in these disheartening circumstances that the Palestinian revival bega n. There was little doubt that Arafats was the decisive voice (Fraser, 2008 p. 88). Karameh subsequently marks the turning point for Palestinians in taking control of their destiny. Fatahs resistance there made Palestinians realise their potential to fight Israel independently without Arab intervention. Reinforcing this issue, Edward Said states, Thus, Karameh divides the Palestinian experience into a before that had refused an encounter and an after that finds the Palestinian standing in, becoming, fighting to dramatize the disjunction of his or her history in Palestine (Said, 1995 p. 9). Arafats role was crucial in bringing about this change in paradigm for the Palestinians, making them rather self reliant from the Arab regimes, and subsequently masters of their destiny. In transforming the Palestinian problem from being an Arab issue to a Palestinian issue, Arafat paved the way for Palestinians to come to the negotiating table with Israel, rather than the other Arab countries whose determination in the conflict was waning. Hence, as a Palestinian leading the Palestinian struggle in his chairmanship of the PLO, he made Palestinians masters of their destiny. The Armed Struggle Yasser Arafat once said, Palestine was lost in blood and iron, and it can only be recovered with blood and iron; and blood and iron have nothing to do with philosophies and theories (Karsh, 2003 p. 32). This sums up the basic principles of his armed struggle, as Arafat look to regain was taken by force. Arafats armed struggle coincides with his role in making the Palestinians masters of their destiny. The raids conducted by Fatah in the early 60s had helped the organization garner support amongst many zealous Palestinian. However, after the 1967 War, an increase in the armed struggle projected the fact that the Palestinians were now independent of the Arab regimes. Mahdoud Nofal, a senior official of the DFLP states, All of these [the increase in armed activity] factors dealt a knockout blow to the Arab custodianship of the Palestinians cause, and thus the Palestinians became the masters of their destiny (al-Issawi, 2009). However, as the PLOs armed struggle in Jordan increased, it had both favorable and complementary effects on the revolution. The armed struggle revitalized Palestinian morale, thus bringing a sense of unity to the fervent Palestinians. However, this fervor made them adversaries to the Arab governments of their residence. In Jordan, this subsequently led to their expulsion, and later in Lebanon. A key component of Arafats armed struggle was terrorism. Terrorism was employed by the PLO even before its expulsion from Jordan. This is significant because the Palestinians had never been the equal of Israel in terms of military power. Israels ability to contain the Palestinian resistance in the occupied territories and deal with any Palestinian threat made it difficult for Arafat to continue the resistance. With terrorism, Arafat was able to attract world headline, project the Palestinian resistance onto the world screen and thus carry on the Palestinian struggle. Arafats use of terrorism could be similarly linked to the FLNs (National Liberation Front) use of terrorism in the Algerian War. Faced against the occupying French, the FLN were successful in bringing their struggle to the worlds attention, with their guerrilla activities in Algeria and terror antics in France. Arafats aim was to achieve similar results: He had seen how it [terrorism] mobilized Palestinian and Arab suppo rt for the PLO; raised the Palestine issues international priority; prevented other Arab states from negotiating peace with Israel, and made many western leaders eager to appease him (Barry Rubin, 2003 p. 61). However, historians have polarized views on this issue of terrorism. Barry and Judith Rubin, see Arafat as a vile murderer, stating that, Arafats tactics were aimed more at killing the enemys civilians than at defeating its army (Barry Rubin, 2003 p. 38). Contrastingly, Bassam Abu Sherif, a former advisor to Arafat, says, Im one of those who have read history carefully, and never in my reading have I read that a colonialist power had ever called a people or a nation that is resisting colonialism but a terrorist (Khan, 2009). Both views cannot be discredited as being bias or incorrect, for Rubin looks at the action and Abu Sherif looks at the principle of terrorism. Nevertheless, it is agreed upon that terrorism allowed the resistance to be projected onto the world screen. The consequences of the Lebanese Civil War marked the failure of the armed struggle. Arafats inability to protect the refugee camps, the destruction of the fedayeen and his relocation to Tunis accumulatively indicated that armed resistance was not going to resolve the Palestinian problem. Though the intifada allowed Arafat to gain support and exert his dominance in Palestine, new avenues were now required to resolve the Palestinian problem. Arafats ability to grab headlines in the 70s and 80s ensured the survival of the Palestinian resistance. This is a key aspect of Yasser Arafats role in trying to resolve the Palestinian problem. It meant that hope for Palestinian liberation and sovereignty was kept alive for the future generations. As stated by Professor Stephen Howe,  [6]  Without the Arafat of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, there might well not have been a Palestinian national movement at all (Howe, 2004). The Initiatives for Peace Arafats first initiatives to peace, in the form of the Ten Point Program, represented his willingness to negotiate. This was further reinforced with his address to the UN general assembly in 1974. In saying Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand. I repeat: do not let the olive branch fall from my hand (MidEastWeb and Ami Isseroff), he expressed his willingness to negotiate to fair terms to resolve the Palestinian problem. Implicitly, Arafat saw the limits of the armed struggle, and his offering of an olive branch meant that he implicitly accepted the existence of Israel. Subsequently, as the armed struggle failed to liberate Palestine, Arafat saw that the means to attain the Palestinian dream didnt matter, but rather what mattered was the subsequent outcome. For such reason, the great switch was seen in 1988, when he renounced the armed struggle. The failure of the armed struggled resulted with Oslo and Camp David.  [7]  The resolution to peace was a means of Arafat trying to obtain some tangible solution for the Palestinian problem. However, what Arafat agreed to at Oslo was vague in many of its terms. Both parties were ultimately suspicious of the other and the talks were doomed to fail  [8]  . Historians however seem to have polarised views on the true intents of Arafat in his resolution to peace. One argument put up by the Rubins is that Arafat presented to the world a changed semblance of peace in order to drive his own plans of continuing the armed struggle, Arafat could hope to convince the west that he was ready for peace and convince his own colleagues that he was determined to continue the struggle (Barry Rubin, 2003 p. 113). Contrastingly, Bassam Abu Sherif argues that though the US did pressure Arafat, he was genuine on his part, and primarily wanted the announcement to first be supported by the Palestinians, It was clear that Arafat wanted to be flexible enough to meet American demands, but he also wanted to make sure that he had the approval of the majority of the PLO executive committee to preserve the democracy of the decision making process of the PLO (Abu Sherif, 2009 p. 183). Abu Sherifs claim seems to carry more weight as it was clear that by the 90s the a rmed struggle wasnt going to solve the Palestinian issue. Arafat needed to find new avenues to resolve the issue, and diplomacy was the only plausible option. Arafat seems to have been wrongly antagonised by many for the failure of Camp David. Such include psychohistorian Avner Falk who says, Tragically-or courageously, as his admirers saw it- Arafat rejected Baracks generous offer and presented his own non negotiable demands (Falk, 2004). Falk seems to be subjective as she fails to consider the unfairness of the Camp David Summit, which many political commentators and historians today would agree as being imbalanced. Therefore, Arafat had no choice but to reject what was placed before him at Camp David. Dennis Ross, the US envoy to the Middle East under Clinton, states, Should he [Arafat] have taken the deal at Camp David? Probably not (al-Issawi, 2009). Israel was to receive a large portion of the conferred lands and Palestinian sovereignty was confined to areas heavily surrounded by Israeli settlements. Robert Mally, an advisor to President Clinton, states, he [Arafat] couldnt accept that. He couldnt accept them because there was no way he could defend a 9:1 swap, theres no way he could accept Israeli sovereignty over the haram, theres no way he could accept this patchwork of sovereignty over Jerusalem (al-Issawi, 2009). Hence, with that, its clear that Arafat wasnt an obstacle to peace. Half a century of fighting exhausted the Arab world, and for the Palestinians, new paths were needed in order to achieve some tangible solution. Arafat understood this, and his desire for a peaceful resolution at Oslo represented some hope for the settlement of the Palestinian issue. Arafat wasnt an obstacle to peace, as his willingness to compromise was and still is the scarcest quality among Palestinian leaders. Nevertheless, Arafat was a Palestinian and he did not relinquish the basic principles he and his people fought for in the last 50 or so years, for the sake of an unjust peace. Peace was to come after just negotiations, and Arafat played a key role in projecting this idea Conclusion: The study looked to explore, what was the role of Yasser Arafat in trying to bring a resolution to the Palestinian problem. He subsequently played three roles in attempting to resolve the issue. He first took control of the Palestinians destiny from the Arab regimes, making them masters of their destiny. The armed struggle that followed united the Palestinians, and it was an attempt at retaining sovereignty over Palestine by force. The armed struggle also projected onto the world screen the Palestinian resistance, letting it not be forgotten. However, the failure of the armed struggle led to diplomacy and negotiation, as he tried to attain some sovereignty over Palestine for his people who were exhausted with nearly 50 years of struggle and resistance. This study could be further investigated by exploring how successful Arafat was in his leadership of the PLO. A critical analysis could also be made of the Oslo Accord, why they failed, and his role in agreeing to the terms as they were. In addition, further studies could be undertaken in order to evaluate why Arafat was not successful in trying to find a resolution to the Palestinian problem. This could partly look at the complementary effects other Palestinian factions (such as Hamas) had on his leadership in its end days Reference List: Books Abu Sherif Bassam Arafat and the Dream for Palestine [Book].   New York  : Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Barry Rubin Judith Colp Rubin Arafat: A Political Biography [Book].   New York  : Oxford Universty Press Inc, 2003. Falk Avner Fratricide in the Holy Land: A Psychoanalytic View of the Arab-Israeli Conflict [Book].   Madison  : The Unversity of Wisconsin Press, 2004. Fraser T.G. The Arab-Israeli Conflict [Book].   New York  : Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.   3rd Edition. Karsh Efraim Arafats War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest [Book].   New York  : Grove Press, 2003. Said Edward W. The Politics of Dispossesion [Book].   New York  : Vintage Books, 1995. Tesseler Mark A History Of The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict [Book].   Bloomington  : Indiana Press, 1994. Documentaries al-Issawi Omar PLO: History of a Revolution [TV Documentary].   [s.l.]  : Al Jazeera  ; Al Jazeera English, July 13, 2009.   Vols. Episode 1-6.   http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/plohistoryofrevolution/2009/07/200974133438561995.html. Khan Riz One On One [TV Documentary]  = Bassam Abu Sherif.   [s.l.]  : Al Jazeera English, December 19, 2009.   Vol. I.   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cx0oKrw01qw. Internet Sources American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise The PLOs Ten Point Plan [Online]  // Jewish Virtual Library.   American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise.   August 10, 2010.   http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/PNCProgram1974.html. Fateh Fateh Constitution [Online]  // Al-Zaytouna.   Al-Zaytouna Centre.   August 15, 2010.   http://www.alzaytouna.net/arabic/?c=1598a=97061. Howe Stephen The death of Arafat and the end of national liberation [Online]  // openDemocracy.   openDemocracy Limited, November 18, 2004.   June 28, 2010.   http://www.opendemocracy.net/conflict-debate_97/article_2234.jsp. McCarthy Justin Palestines Population During The Ottoman And The British Mandate Periods [Online]  // PalestineRemembered.com.   PalestineRemembered.Com, September 8, 2001.   August 14, 2010.   http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Palestine-Remembered/Story559.html#Table 1.

Acronyms, Idioms And Slang: The Evolution Of The English Language. :: essays research papers

Acronyms, Idioms and Slang: the Evolution of the English Language. Although the English language is only 1500 years old, it has evolved at an incredible rate: so much so, that, at first glance, the average person in America today would find most Shakespearean literature confusing without the aid of an Old-English dictionary or Cliff's Notes. Yet Shakespear lived just 300 years ago! Some are seeing this is a sign of the decline of the English language, that people are becoming less and less literate. As R. Walker writes in his essay "Why English Needs Protecting," "the moral and economic decline of Great Britain in the post-war era has been mirrored by a decline in the English language and literature." I, however, disagree. It seems to me that the point of language is to communicate — to express some idea or exchange some form of information with someone else. In this sense, the English language seems, not necessarily to be improving or decaying, but optimizing — becoming more efficient. It has been both said and observed that the technological evolution of a society tends to grow exponentially rather than linearly. The same can also be said of the English language. English is evolving on two levels: culturally and technologically. And both of these are unavoidable. Perhaps the more noticeable of the two today is the technological evolution of English. When the current scope of a given language is insufficient to describe a new concept, invention, or property, then there becomes a necessity to alter, combine, or create words to provide a needed definition. For example, the field of Astro-Physics has provided the English language with such new terms as pulsar, quasar, quark, black hole, photon, neutrino, positron etc. Similarly, our society has recently be inundated with a myriad of new terms from the field of Computer Science: motherboard, hard drive, Internet, megabyte, CD, IDE, SCSI, TCP/IP, WWW, HTTP, DMA, GUI and literally hundreds of others acronyms this particular field is notorious for. While some of these terms, such as black hole and hard drive, are just a combination of pre-existing words, many of them are new words altogether. To me it seems clear that anything that serves to increase the academic vocabulary of a society should be welcomed, although not all would agree. For example, many have accused this trend of creating an acronym for everything to be impersonal and confusing. And, while I agree that there is really no need to abbreviate Kentucky Fried Chicken, it does become tiring to have to constantly say Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) when they are both used so frequently when

gatdream F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - Seeking the Unattain

Great Gatsby - Seeking the Unattainable Dream What is the American Dream? America has evolved from an infant, struggling, nation to become a world power through its unprecedented economic growth. Driven by the tenets of independence, self reliance, and freedom, Americans have had the opportunity to pursue economic success. To many, this is the American Dream; to have freedom and the opportunity to pursue financial freedom. To others, such as Gatsby, Walter, and Jake, the American dream is happiness. They are driven by their dreams, seeking what they believe will make them happy. Gatsby and Jake seek happiness through love while Walter seeks happiness through money. The belief that bliss, utopia, and tranquility are within their grasps drives these characters. Yet the mere fact that their dreams are unattainable makes them flawed. Without dreams, Gatsby, Walter, and Jake lose their sense of purpose in life. Thus the pursuit of the American dream is a paradox. Achieving it is impossible, but without it, life will lose its purpose. Gatsby, Walter, and Jake are representations of the American dream because the love and happiness they seek are impossible to obtain. The birth of the desire for the happiness and love of the American dream in Gatsby occurred when he met a man named Dan Cody. After his disgust with college, Gatsby sought a new life. He found the promise of his fame and fortune in Dan Cody's yacht. "To young Gatz, resting on his oars and looking up at the railed deck, that yacht represented all the beauty and glamour in the world" (Fitzgerald 106). As soon as he borrowed the row boat that transported him to the yacht, Gatsby was no longer James Gatz, he had became Gatsby, inst... ... education and money do not necessarily lead to happiness. "But excited monetary pursuit, Fitzgerald shows, goes hand in hand with personal anxiety: under the strain of competition, social life has become a medium of unease" (Fitter 8). The students of Mission should follow Walter's example and realize that their dream is oversimplified and flawed. They need to mature and realize that there are many pitfalls and problems that are created by money, and that they can find happiness through other things besides money such as family, religion, and love. Gatsby, Walter, and Jake are a representation of the American dream because the love and happiness they seek is impossible to obtain. Despite the impossibility, human beings need a dream in order to have a purpose in life. Without dreams life will become aimless, drying up like a raisin in the sun. gatdream F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - Seeking the Unattain Great Gatsby - Seeking the Unattainable Dream What is the American Dream? America has evolved from an infant, struggling, nation to become a world power through its unprecedented economic growth. Driven by the tenets of independence, self reliance, and freedom, Americans have had the opportunity to pursue economic success. To many, this is the American Dream; to have freedom and the opportunity to pursue financial freedom. To others, such as Gatsby, Walter, and Jake, the American dream is happiness. They are driven by their dreams, seeking what they believe will make them happy. Gatsby and Jake seek happiness through love while Walter seeks happiness through money. The belief that bliss, utopia, and tranquility are within their grasps drives these characters. Yet the mere fact that their dreams are unattainable makes them flawed. Without dreams, Gatsby, Walter, and Jake lose their sense of purpose in life. Thus the pursuit of the American dream is a paradox. Achieving it is impossible, but without it, life will lose its purpose. Gatsby, Walter, and Jake are representations of the American dream because the love and happiness they seek are impossible to obtain. The birth of the desire for the happiness and love of the American dream in Gatsby occurred when he met a man named Dan Cody. After his disgust with college, Gatsby sought a new life. He found the promise of his fame and fortune in Dan Cody's yacht. "To young Gatz, resting on his oars and looking up at the railed deck, that yacht represented all the beauty and glamour in the world" (Fitzgerald 106). As soon as he borrowed the row boat that transported him to the yacht, Gatsby was no longer James Gatz, he had became Gatsby, inst... ... education and money do not necessarily lead to happiness. "But excited monetary pursuit, Fitzgerald shows, goes hand in hand with personal anxiety: under the strain of competition, social life has become a medium of unease" (Fitter 8). The students of Mission should follow Walter's example and realize that their dream is oversimplified and flawed. They need to mature and realize that there are many pitfalls and problems that are created by money, and that they can find happiness through other things besides money such as family, religion, and love. Gatsby, Walter, and Jake are a representation of the American dream because the love and happiness they seek is impossible to obtain. Despite the impossibility, human beings need a dream in order to have a purpose in life. Without dreams life will become aimless, drying up like a raisin in the sun.

Essay --

Microbe Bug Report Candida albicans: Friend or Foe INTRODUCTION. Our bodies are made up of billions of living microorganisms. Most of these microorganisms are extremely beneficial for our health and actually contribute to our survival. However, if imbalances occur within, our naturally helpful microbes then they can become â€Å"invaders and literal harmful. I will examine Candia albicans and its important role in the body and the consequence of their imbalance. RESEARCH & CLASSIFICATION. The genus Candia is a yeast group that has approximately 150 species that belong to the eukaryote domain. The cell structure is nearly identical to that of a human cell. Candida albicans is a diploid organism with eight sets of homologous chromosomes and a genome size of about 32 Mb. It is a dynamic organelle with cell walls composed of glucan and chitin. Various proteins also exist in the cell walls and can be modified by glycosylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Enzyme secretion occurs with substrates both within the cell and in the external environment. They are gram-positive; colonizing within 3 days and have a soft, moist, and yellowish-cream appearance that form 10 to 12 microns in diameter. Candida albicans fungus reproduces sexually and asexually in hyphal form in which they split into fragments and create new yeast-like forms (mycelia), and the other by budding and forming an ellipsoidal bud. ETIOLOGY & EPIDERMIOLOGY. Candia albicans is an endogenous organism that grows as a diploid fungus and is present in 40-80 % of human beings. It lives in our digestive tract and contributes to the population of our gut microbe by providing nutrients to our friendly gut bacterium. When the balance of C. albicans is at a healthy low ... ...roduce stable electrically conductive bio-nano-composite tissue materials that have been used as temperature sensing elements. This is an exciting new area of scientific discovery. I am eager to read more about the benefits and possibilities that exist with this new biotech process. REFERENCES. â€Å"Candidiasis.† March 8, 2001. CDC. Medline Encyclopedia† May 2005. Medline Plus. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000964.htm Tortora G., Funke, B., Case, C,. Microbiology: An Introduction (11th edition), 2013 Pearson Education. Glenview, IL. â€Å"The Fourth NIAID Workshop in Medical Mycology: Responses to Fungi.† NIAI January 5, 2001. â€Å"What is Candida?† 2004. Ninazu Health Products Inc.

Belonging: Travel and Word Boulevard

The song ‘boulevard of Broken Dreams’ is performed by Green Day. The song expresses a person’s struggle in finding where they belong in the journey of life. The titles of the song is ironic to what we would normally associate with the word ‘boulevard’ with something pleasant, glamorous and full of life it’s a direct contrast to what we many initially expect. There is no presence of life, apart from the solitary individual who walks the ‘lonely road’. The boulevard is paved with ‘broken dreams’ of darkness, of being isolated and cut off from the rest of the society ‘the city sleeps’ and not belonging to the outside world. The notion of belonging to a place is explored in the poem 10 Mary Street by Peter Skrzynecki and in Boulevard of Broken Dreams by Green day, 10 Mary Street the metaphor that marked by stability, routine and familiarity; and adapting to Australia, ‘we became citizen of soil, that was feeding us’ and in the process adjusting to their adaptive home. The song opens with the declaration ‘I walk alone’ this means that on this lonely journey that it has been the ‘only’ road that he has ‘ever known’. Essentially the traveler is aware of his reality of being ‘alone’ and not knowing ‘where the road goes’ and that he recognizes that the boulevard has become his ‘home’. the co-relation between these two text is that over a long period of time they get used to the customs, in the song they get used to ‘I walk a lonely road, the only on that I have ever known’ the traveler adapted to the road and how the road has formed his ‘home’ also this song is about someone who wants to find a place where they belong and someone they trust, a safe place. The notion of not belonging to a place is explored in the poem Migrant Hostel by Peter Skrzynecki and in Boulevard of Broken Dreams by Green day. line 22-23 in Migrant Hostel ‘A barrier at the main gate Sealed off the highway’ illustrates the migrants feelings of being separated and alienated, as it cuts them off from the outside the world. The road represents the road to the future were they will start a new life and their new home. The barrier represents their incarceration which is ironic considering they come here or freedom. The simile in line 25 ‘As it rose and fell like a finger pointed in reprimand or shame’ illustrates that the migrants were not wanted, stresses the lack of tolerance that they encounter the criticism that faces them and their own negative shame about leaving everything behind in order to start a new life. The reprimand and shame that faces them are obstacles to their integration. As the song indicates the traveler had dreams but the y have not come to fulfillment. But instead being ‘broken’ and the boulevard which he aimlessly travels which no one knows his existence or where he belongs. In the song Boulevard of Broken Dreams not belonging to a place is expressed in the repetition of ‘I’ throughout the song emphasizes that the traveler is alone ‘I walk a lonely road’, ‘I walk this empty street’ also ‘Where the city sleeps’ demonstrates that the traveler is isolate during his journey to find his home where he belongs, being excluded from the society. The repetition of the ‘Ah-Ah’ resonance throughout the song represents the traveler’s confusion of walking alone with the breakdown of the electric guitar in the song emphasizes that the traveler is frustrated of being segregated from the rest of the world. The frustration is emphasized as the tone consistently changes. The song highlights a sense of despair that an individual may suffer when isolated from others and when dreams fail ‘I walk alone’ confirms the traveler’s solitude and human need to walk together and to belong The contrast of not belong to a place between Migrant Hostel and Boulevard of Broken Dreams is that they both talk about having a dream of belonging to a place, the poem illustrates that they came here to start a new life with a new home and to be free but they are incarcerated by a gate that separates them from freedom and isolation and the song demonstrates the traveler is being ignored as the ‘city sleeps’

Titration Curve of Amino Acids

tion Experiment 1 Titration curves of amino acids General structure of amino acids (amphoteric type): Zwitter ion C * : ? – carbon : ? – amino acid NH2 : ? – amino group, basic (proton acceptor) COOH : ? – carboxylic group, acidic (proton donor) R : side chain of amino acid Classification of amino acids depending on the nature of side chain: * Neutral * Basic amino acid : with extra amino group (NH2) in its side chain ( histidine, arginine, lysine ) * Acidic amino acid : with extra carboxylic acid group (COOH) in its side chain (aspartic acid & glutamic acid) * With phenol group in its side chain (Tyrosine) * With sulfide group in its side chain (Cysteine) Isoelectric point (pI): It is the pH at which the net charge on the molecule in solution is zero (Zwitter ion). Zwitter ion will not migrate in electric field, it is electrically neutral. pI is the average of the closest values of pKa’s. The pI for the acidic amino acids is the average of pKa1 an d pKa2, while the pI for basic amino acids is the average of pKa2 and pKa3 pKa range for ? COOH ( 1. 71 – 2. 63 ) pKa range for ? – NH3+ ( 8. 8 – 10. 78 ) Acidity of neutral amino acid ? – COOH > ? – NH3+ For weak acids : Henderson – Hasslbalch equation : pH = pKa + log [ A- ] [HA] When [ A- ] = [HA] pH = pKa Acid- base titration: An experiment in which a measured amount of base ( or acid) are added to a measured amount of acid ( or base) to calculate something unknown such as molarity, pH†¦.. etc.Equivalence point: The point at which an acid is exactly neutralized with a base. Inflection point: The point in an acid- base titration at which 0. 5 mole of base has been added to one mole of acid to achieve [ A- ] = [HA] and then ; pKa = pH Example : Inflection points 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 * Alanine is an example on neutral amino acid which has 2 acidic protons (diprotic acids ) ? – COOH and ? – NH3+ , these neutral amino acids have t wo titration curves.Net charge +1 0 -1 Zwitter ion Titration curve of Alanine: * aspartic acid is an example on acidic amino acid which has 3 acidic protons (triprotic acids ) ? – COOH, ? – NH3+ and R- COOH. Acidic amino acids have three titration curves. Acidity of acidic amino acid ? – COOH > R- COOH > ? – NH3+ Net charge +1 0 -1 -2 Zwitter ionTitration curve of aspartic amino acid * Lysine is an example on basic amino acid which has 3 basic protons (triprotic acids ) ? – COOH, ? – NH3+ and R- NH3+. Basic amino acids have also three titration curves. Acidity of basic amino acid ? – COOH > ? – NH3+ > R- NH3+ Net charge +2 +1 0 -1 Zwitter ion Tiration curve of Lysine Method : at low pH ~ 1 – 1. 3 amino acid is fully protonated.

Retailing in China

Therefore, the aim of the present study is to work out a high-level plan of successful localization trainees. By analyzing the status quo of Chinese retail market and the current situation of transnational retailers in China (including the case study of Careful), this paper explores how consumer behavior, culture and government roles can affect the localization strategy and creates a list of formats for successful localization strategies. The paper proceeds in four sections.First, the concept of retailing localization (3 layers of localization) is Introduced as an antidote to the deficiencies of the prevailing study approaches to transnational retailing. One background sections hen follow. While the first part charts the status quo of Chinese retailing market and the rapid growth of transnational retailing, the second profiles the opportunities and threats transnational retailers face in the process of localization.Then, by studying the case of Careful (China), the strategy analysis of localization in China for transnational retailers is profiled, including the analysis of the 3 layers of localization – namely localizing the strengths, localizing the products and operational system (ups) and localizing management and corporate cultural (PEP). Finally, the wider implications of this study for transnational retailers in the process of localization are put forward in the concluding section. 1. Introduction 1. 1 The Problem and the Study Objective Admit it or not, the relationship between transnational giant retailers and China has become a love-hate one.On one hand, China Is virtually any retailer's largest opportunity for growth In the 21 SST century. With its booming economy, fast growing domestic markets and untapped talent base, China offers massive business opportunities and great strategic importance for retail companies all over the world. A large and growing consumer base of 1. Billion people. National retail sales reached some 837$ billion in 2005 with an increase of 12. 9% over 2004 It is estimated that national retail sales will exceed some 1250$ billion in 2010. Source: http://www. Showbiz. Com. CNN/ SMS. PH? Org=show=33431 =l On the other, China's unique cultural, business, and political environments pose significant challenges to transnational retailing operations that require a high degree of localization. Based on the fact that the localization of retailing Is much more complicated and comprehensive than other Industries, retailers usually find themselves puzzled and bewildered 1 n China. Indeed, many retailers have fallen prey to these challenges in the past 10 years AT operations In canal toners nave Eden unrolling extreme narrators In ten process of localization.The concrete causes of their problems vary. However, one common underlying characteristic is that they all, to some extent, failed to conduct successful localization strategies. The initial objective of this paper is to look at the problems retailers have en countered and explore the flaws in their localization strategies. The present study has one more objective: to work out a solution to a racial problem about how the transnational retailers can deal with the socio- cultural differences in China and conduct successful localization strategies.On the surface, these challenges appear difficult to overcome; yet, when we study the case of the multinational retailing corporations operating in China today, it is evident that some have achieved exceptional success based on their well-developed localization strategies. The experiences of these successful companies can be mined to create a list of formats which can help diagnose localization blunders of transnational retailers in China. Thanks to my internship experience with Chuan as Sale Management Trainee, I have been able to investigate retailing operations as an insider and had more profound understanding on this study. . 2 Current Study The uniqueness of Chinese retail market and the high demand of localization for retailing industry both in degree and content, make the research on the localization of transnational retailers in China an extremely interesting and meaningful one. While many previous researches have been focused on the localization of transnational corporations, only a few have explored the localizing strategies of retailing operation. Therefore, it is not an easy task to study the localization of retailing operations.However, by referring to those previous studies in relating fields, I have been able to explore deeper about this subject. The study of this paper is based on a mixture of primary and secondary sources. This material is supported by critical examination of longitudinal data from annual reports, company documents, as well as scientific work of business magazines and web site. 2. Localization 2. 1 The Definition of Localization When a company conducts global expansion, it is surely to be involved into the process of communication with local customers.It is therefore necessary for the company to get familiar with local culture, to study different customs, and to make proper adjustments to their strategies according to the varied response of customers. The executive of Careful once said 2 when doing market research in China that, â€Å"A store is a miniature of the country or city it locates in, so it should be adapted to the local environment. † There are many definitions on localization from different angles. Some of them are based on cultural and linguistic context, some focus merely on localizing the products.However, as for he definition of retailing localization which is a highly territory-embedded process, more practical and multidimensional view is required. Definition based on culture context According to the Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA), localization Involves: ‘alkali a product Ana making It linguistically Ana culturally appropriate to the target locale where it will be used and sold. ‘ 2. 3 Three Layers of Localization for Transnational Retailing 2. 31 Two Misconceptions of Localization A. When talking about localization, people usually focus merely on product or service.Nevertheless, a successful localization strategy for retailing is much more complicated and comprehensive, including also the localization of operating system , management system ,even corporate culture and business ideas. B. A very important aspect of localization is usually ignored, that is, to bring in and localize the advantageous strengths of giant retailers. To retain their core values and stick to their distinct features are the requirements of localization for transnational retailers. In other words, localization and sticking to their uniqueness or strengths never contradict with each other.Instead, a sound localization occurs under the precondition that the strengths are maintained and enhanced during the process of development and adjustment. 2. 32 Layer 1 : to Localize the Strength of Giant Retailers A. Strength of giant retailers When talking about the localizing of strengths, it is significant to identify the strengths of giant retailers in the first place. Giant retailers have achieved great success in the world market largely because of the competitive advantages developed over decades of operation. Indeed, marketing and distribution expertise adds value at foreign-owned detailing stores.For Chinese consumers in particular, who are increasingly conscious about food safety and hygiene and getting sick with the environment of traditional Chinese markets, transnational retailers offer greater reassurance and a wider choice than traditional markets. ‘Compared with a Chinese supermarket, the service is better, the choice is wider, the food is fresher and they provide shuttle buses,' said Yang Shaping, a retired woman who spends about 100 Yuan during her weekly shopping trip to Wall-Mart. (The Guardian, 25/3/2006) The strengths of giant retai lers are listed as follows: a.Abundant capital, their scale, a stable flow of finance and rapid turnover b. Advanced technology and advanced distribution, logistics systems c. Advanced marketing and management experience 3 d. Well-established global competitiveness, corporate image and culture B. Three phases of localize the strength While it is important to note that transnational giant retailer have their strengths , more attention should be paid to the localization of these strength due to the fact that no business idea or system can achieve success by simply copying unless they are made suitable to the local market environment.Wall-Mart's Cam's Club is a good case in point: The most important feature of Cam's Club is that it is located in the countryside. It has achieved great success in the United States, however, it turns out to be a total failure in the Chinese market because only a small proportion of Chinese people own private cars. What's worse, the transportation system i n China is far from well-developed. Consequently, city dwellers have difficult access to Cam's Club located far away from their home. Realizing this problem, Wall-Mart soon decides to open stores in the cities to accommodate itself to the Chinese market.To localize the strength, the first step is to bring in advanced technology and management system to a foreign market for that is exactly winner ten AAA value Lies In. I en Toweling step Is to accost tense strengths to certain economic and cultural environments. Next, after localization reaches certain degree, hopefully, this strength can be further developed. 2. 33 Layer 2: to Localize Product and Operational System According to Farley dictionary, retailing is the functions and activities involved in the sale of goods and services to consumers for their personal, family, or household use.It is obvious that retailing as an industry has intense communication with consumers, the service retailers offer is, by large extent, to provide c ustomers with products they need. Due to different culture, custom, demographics, different group of people in different region have varied tastes over products. Therefore, retailers have to make careful investigation and analysis into consumer behavior and preference in order to enhance consumer satisfactory. A thorough localization strategy in product structure is critical to transnational retailers.As for sourcing, localizing the sourcing in local economy enable transnational retailers to meet needs of local customers and reduce delivery cost. Top retailers have come up with a series of advanced business modes and operation system during long time of operating experience. But this modes and system should be integrated into and modified with local environment and uniqueness, as explained above in the elaboration of the first layer of localization. 4 3. Retailing Transnational in China 3. The Status Quo of Chinese Retail Environment Like everything else in China these days, the cha nge of retail market is at a spectacular speed and on a scale the world has never seen before. It is already one of the fastest expansions in retail history, but analysts say it could get faster as international giants race for territory in a $billion retail market that is growing at a double-digit pace. The domestic supermarket leader is Baling, with nearly 2 000 stores, and the foreign legion is led by Careful, which has 70 hypermarkets, eight supermarkets and more than 100 discount shops.Wall-Mart currently has 56 megastars mostly in the southeast with about 30 000 employees. But even after it opens 20 more stores this year, its sales are unlikely to enter the top 10 of China's major retailers. Germany's Metro is the No. 4 foreign player, with 24 stores and another 40 within five years. Foreign investment has formerly been focused in Shanghai, Beijing, Sheen and other large eastern cities. But, as a sign of the growing power of Chinese consumption, many of the new shops are being opened in smaller cities. 3. Opportunity and Threat Analysis 3. 21 Opportunities for Retailing Transnational There is no shortage of incentives for foreign retailers in China. For many Chinese people, price is no longer the priority. Foreign retailers are also Telling It sealers to set up snoops Decease many restrictions n overseas firms were lifted in 2004 under China's World Trade Organization commitments. A. The largest consumer market With a population of 1. 3 billion and massive markets, China is attracting intense interest from the world as a consumer market.Over the past 20 years, retail sales in China have Jumped nearly 15% annually, to some $837 billion in 2005 making it the third-largest market on earth. The average annual income of China's 1. 3 billion people is less than $1 500. But the middle class is growing fast particularly in eastern cities and it has enough disposable income to start focusing on brand, safety, quality and taste. Consumer demand for modern shopping environment Since the mid sass, the high demand for modern shopping environments in China has been growing due to the rapid economic growth and rising levels of affluence. And consumer expectations have shot up even faster.Accompanied by the increase of purchasing power in China since then, both traditional supermarkets and department stores were not be able to meet the requirements of one-stop 5 shopping and shopping as leisure. Just a few years ago, most Chinese were content to line up in state-owned stores to buy whatever meager products were available, ND then shuffle off to unsanitary outdoor markets for meat, eggs, and vegetables. Now both local chains and the multinationals are pushing out the stodgy old state retailers and mom-and-pop shops by building big, convenient stores in central locations in Beijing, Shanghai, and Gunshot.Huge mass retailers emerged by providing customers with a great variety of goods at low cost and one-stop shopping. Therefore, it is undoubted a go lden time for retailers to enter a market that shows great assurance to them. For example, Macro from the Netherlands first entered Taiwan and quickly captured more than 30% market share in 1989. B. The change of policy from a protectionist orientation toward liberalizing In keeping with the conditions for China's membership in the World Trade Organization, Beijing on Deck. 1, 2004 lifted most restrictions on foreign retailers. Gone are limits on the number of stores, rules confining them to large cities, and regulations capping the foreigners' stake in local ventures at 65%. C. Regional advantages of Chinese market Cheep and sufficient labor resources: with its vast population, China is always able to provide transnational retailers with abundant labor force which requires relatively low ages. Moreover, Chinese employees are far more reliable than their counterpart in the host countries of international giant retailers.Cheap merchandises: the cost of many products in China is much less than in developed countries because of the cheap labor, which allows transnational retailers to make reasonable sourcing decisions both in China and the world. 3. 22 Threats for Retailing Transnational Given all the opportunities presented by China's growth, many NC retailers are eager to gain access to this market. The country unique traditions, history, culture, and overspent policies, altogether mean that doing business in China can be a complicated and time-consuming undertaking.Foreign retailers interested in gaining access to China face lots of challenges which they must attempt to solve or they will turn away. A. Intense competition from both transnational and domestic companies Competition from transnational companies There has always being fierce competition Detente gallant retailers In ten essences market; no one wants to De lagged Denver. As Tiff Gill, senior manager of the Kurt Salmon Associates Consultancy said, ‘All the big players are engaged in a turf war. It is about being first and getting as much coverage in as many cities as possible.This is a period of very aggressive growth. We are bordering the top end of the curve. But there is a possibility that investment could grow even faster. ‘(The Guardian, March 25, 2006) Many U. S. And foreign retailers are accelerating their investments in China, spurred by further easing of government restrictions and the allure of the world's fastest-growing consumer market. These giant retailers are engaging in fierce competition, opening many new stores in order to take advantage of the high rates of growth in this segment of the detail market 6 B is also pushing hard.The British firm's owner, Kingfisher, plans to increase the number of its stores in China from 49 to 100 by 2010. Kea has also caught the expansion bug. For several years, it has had only two superstores in China, but it plans to open two a year from now on. Competition from Chinese domestic companies Chinese sellers have the edge over foreign rivals, strengthening their presence more rapidly at lower expenditures. Their understanding of the local market and well-developed sales networks enable domestic retailers to respond more quickly and react more flexibly to market changes.With the foreigners attacking their home turf, Chinese retailers are fighting back. Take China Resources Enterprise Ltd. , which operates more than 1,700 supermarkets and hypermarkets, including China Resources Vanguard stores for example, the retailer has trimmed its staff to boost profitability, and has sought to improve management by raiding the foreign chains. Today nearly half of the middle and senior managers in Acre's retail unit used to work at foreign-owned stores. Those foreign-trained managers have brought in marketing expertise.For instance, to build brand loyalty, CREE rewards frequent shoppers with discounts, and the company has lolled out more than 60 private-label products, including bottled water, shampoo, and bod y lotion. And CREE is moving upscale. The company this year expects to open four â€Å"lifestyle† stores offering higher-end products. Plans call for an additional 20 such stores within three years. Chinese government's ultimate goal is to create a dozen or so big local players that will be strong enough to compete with the multinationals at home and expand overseas.It is not possible for the Chinese government to allow foreign retailers to take the dominant position in the Chinese market. B. Diversified consumer behavior Chinese people have their own unique characteristics, considerably different from, sometimes contrary to, that of Westerners. Consequently, Chinese consumers have their unique buying behavior, buying motive, their preference on merchandise and taste on design etc. Therefore, the marketing strategy to penetrate Chinese market should be tailored to these Chinese characteristics. Unique Chinese characteristics * Chinese adapted to catering to authority and to h armonize with others. Chinese have more interest In unman Telling Ana mementos than clientele or logical concerns. In terms AT KICK read, literary books rate more highly than scientific books, compared with westerners. 2003:128-161) Chinese culture is built on trust, relationships, and mutual respect. * Negotiations are normally bottom-up and informal. (Comfort, J. 2001 : 23-26) *The concept of face' is very important Avoiding action that could be perceived as anti-china, coercive, or condescending. Chinese purchasing behavior and recent trends * The Chinese display a strong suspicion of cheap products combined with a desire for bargains.The typical Chinese shopper engages in habitual comparison shopping rather than 7 impulse buying, typified by the saying, ‘Never make a purchase until you have compared three shops. ‘ Nevertheless, shoppers quickly snap up items perceived to be bargains. * Generally speaking, Chinese are fickle customers with little brand loyalty. (Kate- if, lee 2003: 10-13) When selecting purchases, the Chinese tend to attach more importance to the reputation of the item among the community they belong to, such as colleagues, friends, neighbors than to the performance of the goods or how well they suit their lifestyle.Thus, penetration of all communities is important for successful marketing in China. * Laying great emphasis on freshness f food: * There are also numerous new trends for Chinese consumer, which makes it difficult for overseas retailers to sensor and follow. A. Being increasingly conscious about food health and hygiene b. Issues of obesity and nutrition amongst children are also of increasing concern. Double-digit growth in the fast food and snack industries, changing lifestyles and a uniquely Chinese legacy – the one child policy -? are key drivers. C.Concerns focused on environment, safety have accelerated in the wake of CARS, avian flu and widespread pollution, prompting a wider consciousness about product s afety – from ice cream to I-pods. And, while perhaps sporadic and not yet conscious, a linkage between consumer rights and wider environmental concerns is beginning to emerge. D. While still evolving, the expression of consumer rights in China marks an important stage on the road to a greater collective social conscience, which, for so long, has opted to be quietly oppressed by those in authority. 4. Localizing the Strength Giant retailers have all establish a prestige during long time of operation. Yet, in China they may encounter unexpected situation result from the uniqueness of Chinese market. Consequently, retailers should be clear about what detergents can remain effective and what should be changed and localized. While Careful draws on its network system in its global operations (e. G. For certain IT and logistical systems), most aspects of its activities are strategically localized to meet the specific characteristics and needs of the Chinese market and its business, political and consumer cultures.Generally speaking, the key success factors for Careful, which are applied worldwide, are: one-stop shopping, extremely low prices, full range of choices, self-service, and free parking. These factors can be viewed as the strength of Careful. To remain competitive in China, Careful bought in these strengths with her, adopting flexible two-stage philosophy to localize her long-established strength and achieve stable growth. At the 1st stage, to enable branch stores to smoothly operate as fast as possible and to maintain high turnover.Meanwhile, to decentralized authority of set-up branches to link with community development that Totally leads ten Increases AT local tax, employment Ana Turner proselytes AT communities, Careful decides to set up a new store after the investigations of location, store space and neighboring purchasing power. For example, she built a whole-selling or green store in industrial region and a general retailing or blue store in residential ones in Taiwan. By adopting this strategy, Careful could capture both big and 8 small accounts in one shot and then grow much faster than her rivals in the early stage of market entry.At the 2nd stage, Careful focuses on customers, personnel training and market channels. She gradually enhances service quality, product innovation and emphasizes personnel cultivation. Frenchmen take the positions of top-level management constantly to infuse management philosophy of ‘serve customers' and ‘action orientation' into each store overseas. When walk into any stores of Careful, you will see many staff walk around to replenish stocks all the time. The manager in charge of a store also wanders around the store once it is open.Careful further adopts strategic alliances to develop private label products to supply more offerings so as to meet the needs of one-stop shopping of Chinese people. At the same time, utilizing the system of commerce automation to centralize the pur chasing matters of all stores, Careful could coordinate orderings, stock management and data processing for better control and decision-making. . 33 Public Relation In China, the localization of relation is the core of strategic localization. Chinese people pay special attention to the harmony of community.To deal with ‘relation' in China is a matter of delicacy to transnational retailers because, for one thing, the relation-business pattern is very much different from their operation in western countries; for another, it is essential to their success in the Chinese market. The most successful retailing companies have been willing to exchange short-term profits for long-term success, short-term employee productivity for long-term employee development, and short-term expedience for long-term government trust. Relation with government As a special Chinese characteristic, good government relationship is very important for companies.The government is not only a major consumer (gov ernment procurement) , but it is also the main policy maker and opinion leader. Learning how government works and how to establish good relationships is a critical step. A foreign company that is considered a friend o government will be granted favors such as a heads-up on legislation changes or inside advice on how to do business. Conversely, a company that is deemed unfriendly will suffer consequences such as negative comments about its products or passage of laws that exclude it from doing certain business.Getting on the wrong side of a key government agency can be disastrous. Interestingly, Carouser's relationship with the Chinese government is a love-hate one. She has made full use of the loopholes in government regulation to dominate the Chinese market, while at the same promoting employment and improving living standard. Relation with Partners Careful is good at choosing and maintaining local partners. She is always n seek of experienced local retailers actively and establish ing cooperation with them to get Tambala to ten local market as soon as poss. Ole Ana gain support In sourcing, human resources. 9 5.Conclusion Further Implications for transnational retailers operating overseas Improving crisis management capacity When operating in foreign country, retailers are always confronted with problems. What transnational retailers need to do is to improve crisis management capacity. Take Wall-Mart's bean curd crisis for example, instead of responding to the problem actively, it remained science long before giving a suitable explanation, which had ruined its image in Gudgeon seriously. When facing crisis, it is important to make quick response because silence may be interpreted as being indifferent and irresponsible by local consumers.Then, active investigations should be carried out immediately to find the causes. Finally, the existing problems need to be solved as soon as possible. Shaping humane culture That most retailers prefer on- going promotions to attract new customers and retain old ones is totally different from everyday low price and no price promotion practices of Wall-Mart. An open and tolerating culture of Wall-Mart could endure over time because managements treat employees as their associates. They show respect to each other and share both profit and knowledge that lead to the creation of a harmony organizational climate.Therefore, companies ought to develop themselves not as a workplace but a learning institution with the culture of caring and sharing. Combining sales channels Retailers could combine sales channels of physical stores and virtual ones to widen their accessibility to potential customers. The virtual shops could not only increase attention sales, but also accumulate market information for further investigation. Regarding localization as a two-way process Localization needs to be read as a potentially two-way process that is not simply about the transnational retailers adapting themselves to specific mark et conditions.Certain retail formats and technologies developed in particular contexts may then be diffused to other country operations, including the home market. Samsung-Tests, for example, has developed an IT system that has subsequently been rolled-out across the company, and is currently home to a ‘global' team working on e-commerce technology. The emergence of China will be the single most important economic event in the next decade. Along with it will come tremendous business opportunities, a large pool of talent, and many powerful companies.The stakes are high for retailing company. If it fails, another company or product could become a Chinese national standard, its products could be excluded from government procurement, and its image could be destroyed. If it succeeds, it stands to gain sustainable and predictable profitability, win-win partnerships with the Chinese government and companies, and great employees from a pool of amazing talent. This paper describes a hi gh-level plan of how to achieve this success by localization in China, by learning from other companies' success and failures.First, a company must localize 10 Localization strategy AT Remonstration Retailers In c in 3 layers. Then, these strategies should be adapted to unique Chinese characteristics. In addition, giant retailers needs to improve crisis management capacity, shape humane culture, and develop greater information system. By carrying out the proposed strategy of localization, retailing companies can realize their potential in China by assisting China to realize her potential in the 21st century. 11